Neuromodulation guide for the non-neuromodulator clinician: What it is and how it can benefit patients?

Neuromodulation is increasingly being used in various medical fields to treat both painful and non-painful conditions. Despite its growing application, research on neuromodulation often appears in specialized journals, making it less accessible to general practitioners and specialists outside of pain medicine and neurosurgery. This study provides an overview of implantable neuromodulation devices, discussing their approved uses by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), off-label applications, and the potential risks and benefits associated with each device.

To gather comprehensive information, the researchers searched PubMed and Medline databases for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials focusing on implantable neuromodulation devices. Out of 106 identified studies, 67 met the criteria for the final review.

The devices covered in this review include deep brain stimulation, spinal cord stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, and carotid sinus stimulation. For each device, the review explores the specific areas of the body they target, their FDA-approved uses, and a comparison of their risks and benefits.

This review aims to inform general clinicians about the potential of implantable neuromodulation devices in treating a wide range of medical conditions. As the use of neuromodulation continues to expand, it is essential for all healthcare providers to have a basic understanding of this innovative treatment approach. Future research will likely focus on exploring non-invasive or non-implantable forms of neuromodulation.