
Could CRELD2 Be a Key Biomarker in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer?
A new study from researchers at Necmettin Erbakan University suggests that a specific protein, CRELD2, might help predict outcomes for patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)—one of the most aggressive forms of the disease.
This study, published in Biomolecules and Biomedicine, is the first clinical investigation into how CRELD2 affects survival rates in TNBC patients. The findings suggest that higher levels of this protein are linked to worse survival in patients with metastatic TNBC, making it a potential prognostic marker for this difficult-to-treat cancer.
Understanding the Challenge of TNBC
Triple-negative breast cancer accounts for approximately 10% to 20% of all breast cancers and disproportionately affects younger women. Unlike other breast cancer subtypes, TNBC lacks estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This absence of therapeutic targets means that TNBC does not respond to hormone therapy or HER2-targeted treatments, leaving chemotherapy as the primary treatment option. However, survival rates remain low due to the aggressive nature of the disease and the high likelihood of metastasis.
Patients with TNBC generally face a poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate significantly lower than that of other breast cancer types. The disease is characterized by rapid tumor growth, a higher chance of recurrence, and an increased likelihood of distant metastases. Current research has focused on identifying reliable prognostic markers that could improve patient outcomes by guiding personalized treatment strategies. The study explored whether CRELD2 could serve this purpose by influencing disease progression and survival.
What Is CRELD2 and Why Does It Matter?
Cysteine-Rich Epidermal Growth Factor Ligand Domain 2 (CRELD2) is a glycoprotein primarily localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus. It is an ER stress-inducible gene that plays a crucial role in cellular adaptation to stress conditions such as hypoxia and nutrient deprivation—conditions commonly found in aggressive tumors like TNBC.
Recent findings suggest that CRELD2 may be involved in key oncogenic processes, particularly in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is critical for cancer metastasis. CRELD2 has also been shown to regulate the tumor microenvironment by amplifying cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activity, which promotes tumor proliferation and invasion. A study using a mouse model demonstrated that increased CRELD2 expression was associated with greater tumor progression, while its inhibition led to tumor growth arrest.
Although previous studies have linked CRELD2 to tumor progression in animal models, its impact on human cancer patients had remained unclear until now. The study at Necmettin Erbakan University is the first to analyze CRELD2 expression in TNBC patients and evaluate its effects on survival outcomes.
Key Findings from the Study
The researchers analyzed tumor samples from 70 TNBC patients, dividing them into two groups based on whether their cancer was metastatic or non-metastatic. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to measure CRELD2 expression levels, and survival rates were compared between patients with high and low CRELD2 levels.
No Major Impact in Non-Metastatic TNBC
For patients whose cancer had not spread, the presence of CRELD2 did not significantly affect five-year survival rates:
- CRELD2-positive group: 91.7% survival
- CRELD2-negative group: 91% survival
However, patients with high CRELD2 levels had a shorter time before disease progression, with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 9.4 months compared to 11.9 months in the CRELD2-negative group (P = 0.04).
CRELD2 Predicts Worse Survival in Metastatic TNBC
Among patients with metastatic TNBC, the impact of CRELD2 was much more pronounced:
- Patients with high CRELD2 expression had a median overall survival (OS) of 17.2 months, compared to 24.7 months for those with low CRELD2 levels (P = 0.02).
- Time before disease progression was also shorter in the high CRELD2 group (9.4 months vs. 11.9 months, P = 0.04).
- Multivariate analysis confirmed that CRELD2 expression was an independent risk factor for shorter survival (P = 0.02).
Higher CRELD2 Levels Correlate with Poorer Outcomes
The study found that the more CRELD2 a tumor produced, the worse the survival rate:
- Patients with >50% CRELD2 expression had the shortest survival times (13.9 months).
- Patients with 1%–10% CRELD2 expression had the longest survival (25.2 months).
These findings suggest that CRELD2 may play an active role in making TNBC more aggressive, particularly in metastatic cases.
Why Does This Matter?
Finding new biomarkers for TNBC could help doctors:
- Better predict survival and identify high-risk patients.
- Personalize treatment plans, ensuring the right patients receive aggressive therapies.
- Guide research into new treatment targets, potentially leading to drugs that block CRELD2’s effects.
Currently, TNBC remains difficult to treat due to the lack of targeted therapies. If CRELD2 is confirmed as a driver of tumor progression, it could open the door to new treatment strategies that focus on inhibiting its function.
Limitations and Future Research
While these findings are promising, the study had some limitations:
- The sample size was relatively small (70 patients), limiting the statistical power of the findings.
- It was a retrospective study, meaning researchers analyzed past patient data rather than conducting a prospective clinical trial.
- The study did not investigate the exact mechanisms by which CRELD2 influences TNBC progression.
Future research should focus on larger, prospective studies to confirm these findings. Additionally, molecular studies are needed to uncover the precise biological mechanisms through which CRELD2 contributes to TNBC aggressiveness. If validated, CRELD2 could become an important tool in TNBC diagnosis and treatment planning.
The translation of the preceding English text in Turkish:
Reference:
Mehmet Zahid Kocak, Murat Araz, Siddika Findik, Aykut Demirkiran, Mustafa Korkmaz, Melek Karakurt Eryilmaz, Mehmet Artac
A preliminary study on the prognostic significance of cysteine-rich EGF ligand domain 2 protein (CRELD2) in patients with triple negative breast cancer.
Biomol Biomed [Internet]. 2025 Jan. 24 [cited 2025 Mar. 13];
Available from: https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/view/11865
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